I've recently had a female become an adult, and already had a male adult of the same species. But my starter is still an adolescent. I'd like to breed my recently adulthooded female with my male, although I'm not sure how long the male would take to recover to be able to produce an egg with my starter as well. How long will it take for them to recover enough to breed again?

only the females have recovery time. the males can be bred as many times as you want.

For the females, most of the species take 3 days to recover. The fabled species (aeridini, griffi, lighira, nephini, ny'vene, and ryori) take 7 days to recover. You can tell the fabled species apart from the normal ones by their eggs. the fabled eggs are unique to the species (eg aeridini's eggs are a flower, griffi eggs have icy things around it, etc)